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The directors are the persons elected by the shareholders to run, manage and look after the business of the company. There is no clear definition of the word director in the Companies Act 1956. Provided that in several sections of the Act it has been mentioned as follows: According to section 2(13), director means a person holding the place of a director, by whatever name he may be called. This definition given by the Companies Act does not clearly explain the word “Director”. According to section 2 (30), “a director is an officer of the company.” This definition only reveals…

In the case of a company, the Board of Directors means the Board of Directors of the company. According to section 252 (3), the directors of the company are jointly called the Board of Directors or the Board in this Act. “Only persons can be directors. (only natural person can be directors) An amalgamated institution, association or firm cannot be appointed as the director of a company, only a natural person can be appointed as a director. (Section 253) If all the members of a company are amalgamated bodies, then the provisions of this section can be followed only if, …

Section 252 has been amended by the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2000 to provide that a public company (a) having a paid-up capital of five crore rupees or more, and (b) having one thousand or more small shareholders, A director may be elected by the small shareholders in such manner as may be prescribed. It is further stated that for the purpose of this provision, “small shareholder” means a shareholder having shares of face value of Rs.20,000 (Rupees twenty thousand) or less. The following points are clear from the above provision:- 1. In the case of a public company which satisfies…

The word ‘secretary’ is derived from the Latin word ‘secretarius’ which means ‘officer to certify written letters’ or ‘trusted officer’. Meaning of Secretary According to the Oxford dictionary:- “Secretary is a person whose work is to write for others, especially that person for another person, society, corporation or public institution, correspondence, record keeping and many other tasks.” According to the Webster dictionary: the word secretary has the following meanings: 1. a person to whom secrets are entrusted, a trusted officer 2. a person who acts for an institution or person Appointed to execute orders, letters, etc. and generally to look…

According to the Companies Secretary (Appointment and Qualifications) Rules, 1988, only the person who has the following qualifications can be appointed as Company Secretary (a) Secretary to the Institute of Company Secretaries of India for companies having paid-up capital of Rs.50 lakh or more. Must be a member and licensed holder of (b) In companies with a paid-up capital of less than Rs 50 lakh, only a person possessing any one of the following qualifications can also be appointed as a company secretary 1. Membership of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. 2. Degree in Law of any University. …

The functions of the Secretary can be divided into the following two parts :- (a) Secretarial Functions Secretarial functions can be divided into the following two parts , 1. Secretarial functions before amalgamation: Before the amalgamation of the company, the promoter has to perform many functions. Many documents like councilor memorandum, councilor’s article, etc. have to be sent to the registrar of the company. Therefore, initially he works as a secretary unofficially. 2. Secretarial work after amalgamation: Even after the amalgamation of the company, the secretary has to perform many functions of secretarial nature. In fact, the work of the…

संसाधन भूगोल से आशय संसाधनों के भूगोल से है । संसाधन भूगोल के अन्तर्गत पृथ्वी के समस्त संसाधनों , उनकी विशेषताओं , उत्पादन तथा क्षेत्रीय प्रतिरूपों का अध्ययन किया जाता है । संसाधन भूगोल का सम्बन्ध पृथ्वी तल पर उपलब्ध संसाधनों के वितरण , उपयोग , समस्याओं , प्रबन्धन आदि से है । बी.एस. नेगी के अनुसार ” संसाधन भूगोल के अन्तर्गत हम पृथ्वी के धरातल पर फैले संसाधनों के वितरण , उनके उपभोग , उपयोगिता एवं संरक्षण के विभिन्न तरीकों पर प्रकाश डालते हैं । आर्थिक क्रियाओं से सम्बन्धित जो भी तत्व उत्पादन एवं उपयोगिता में सहायक होते हैं…

संसाधन शब्द अंग्रेजी भाषा के Resource शब्द का पर्याय है , जो दो शब्दों Re तथा Source से मिलकर बना है । इन शब्दों का आशय क्रमशः Re = दीर्घ अवधि या पुन : ( Again ) तथा Source = साधन या उपाय ( Device ) है । अतः प्रकृति में उपलब्ध वे साधन , जिन पर कोई जैविक समुदाय दीर्घ अवधि तक निर्भर रह सके तथा पुनः पूर्ति या पुनर्निर्माण की क्षमता हो , संसाधन कहलाते हैं ।

Company Secretary can be appointed by Promoters, Articles or Directors. 1. Appointment of the Secretary by the Promoters: If the Secretary is appointed before the formation of the company, then that appointment is made by the Promoters. In such a situation, he should confirm his appointment in the first meeting of the directors after the amalgamation of the company and obtain a written order. If the director removes the first secretary from his post, he cannot claim the company. 2. Appointment of Secretary under Articles: If the name of any person is mentioned in the Articles to be Secretary, he…

In relation to the appointment of a company secretary, the following provisions are made in the Companies Act: 1. Compulsory appointment Section 383 (a): In every company whose paid-up share capital is two crore rupees or more, a qualified whole-time secretary shall be appointed. It is mandatory to do so, if there are only two directors in such a company, then any of them can be a secretary.Cannot work on the post. In other companies, whose paid-up share capital is less than two crore rupees, it is up to the board of directors to appoint a secretary. Provided that the…